Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences (GARJMMS) ISSN: 2315-5159
January 2019 Special Issue, Vol. 8(1), pp. 001-008
Copyright © 2019 Global Advanced Research Journals
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2556608

Full Length Research Article

Study of the side effects of Docetaxel as chemotherapy medicine on changing the expression of genes of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from patients with breast cancer

Farnaz Rahbarzare^1,2, Elham Eslahi³, Nazafarin Hatami-Mazinani⁴, Elham Magharehabed⁵, Mahsa Aliqanbari⁶, Niloofar Ahmadi³, Shabnam Naderifar⁸, Mona Mirgeloybayat³, Hamed Hojatian⁶, Mojdeh Naeima⁹ and Soha Sadeghi^6,7* 

¹Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²Department of microbial biotechnology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
³Department of Microbiology, Research and Science branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
⁴Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
⁵Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
⁶Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NourDanesh Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan, Iran
⁷Department of Molecular genetics, Research Institute of NikanRoyesh Gene, Karaj, Iran
⁸Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
⁹Faculty of Pharmacy, First Moscow State Medical University, IM. Sechenov Moscow, Russia

Corresponding Author E-mail: sadeghi.soha@gmail.com; Tel and Fax: +98 26 34557220

Accepted 15 January, 2019 

Abstract

The present study strived to ascertain the side effects of chemotherapy on the pathogenic potential of Enterococcus faecalis (a natural microflora bacteria) isolated from patients with breast cancer. Participants included 400 female sufferers from breast cancer before and after the period of chemotherapy and 400 healthy people living with patients.After RNA extracted from the stool of all the participants, cDNA was constructed. Nineteen virulent genes (vanB, vanA, VanC-3,VanC-2, VanC-1, aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, Tet(L), Erm(B), gelE, esp, gyrA,slyA, cylA,cylB,cylM, asa1, aggA, efaA and enlA) of E. faecalis were assessed by Real-Time qPCR. The findings revealed a statistically significant correlation between the expression level of fourteen virulence genes(vanA(p = 0.033), vanB(p = 0.003), VanC-3(p = 0.003), aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia(p = 0.005), Erm(B) (p = 0.008), gelE(p = 0.002), esp(p = 0.0005), gyrA(p = 0.003), slyA(p = 0.001), cylA(p = 0.003), cylB(p = 0.0002), asa1(p = 0.003), aggA(p = 0.003), efaA(p = 0.003))in the group of the sufferers after chemotherapy and the other two groups (P<0.05).Additionally, the observation of patient group after chemotherapy showed an outstanding association between overexpression ofantibiotic resistance genes (vanA, vanB, VanC-3, Erm(B), aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia) and observation of the antibiotic resistance (vancomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin in respectively). Interestingly, while Docetaxel seems to be a suitable medicine to treat breast cancer, it may change the balance of mRNA expression of microflora. These could trigger infections during the cancer chemotherapy.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Docetaxel, antibiotic resistance, Enterococcus faecalis

References

Arias CA, Murray BE (2012). The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 10(4):266-278.

Comerlato CB, Resende MC, Caierao J, d'Azevedo PA (2013). Presence of virulence factors in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium susceptible and resistant to vancomycin. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 108(5):590-595.

Dale JL, Nilson JL, Barnes AMT, Dunny GM (2017). Restructuring of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm architecture in response to antibiotic-induced stress. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 3:15.

Fijlstra M, Ferdous M, Koning AM, Rings EH, Harmsen HJ, Tissing WJ (2015). Substantial decreases in the number and diversity of microbiota during chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis in a rat model. Support Care Cancer. 23(6):1513-22.

Gafter-Gvili A, Fraser A, Paul M, Vidal L, Lawrie TA, van de Wetering MD, et al (2012). Antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in afebrile neutropenic patients following chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1:CD004386.

Gaule PB, Crown J, O'Donovan N, Duffy MJ (2014). cMET in triple-negative breast cancer: is it a therapeutic target for this subset of breast cancer patients? Expert Opin Ther Targets. 18(9):999-1009.

Hakim H, Dallas R, Wolf J, Tang L, Schultz-Cherry S, Darling V, et al (2018). Gut Microbiome Composition Predicts Infection Risk during Chemotherapy in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin. Infect. Dis.

Hoos A (2012). Evolution of end points for cancer immunotherapy trials. Ann. Oncol. 23 Suppl 8:viii47-52.

Jerjees DA, Alabdullah M, Alkaabi M, Abduljabbar R, Muftah A, Nolan C, et al (2014). ERK1/2 is related to oestrogen receptor and predicts outcome in hormone-treated breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 147(1):25-37.

Kariyama R, Mitsuhata R, Chow JW, Clewell DB, Kumon H (2000). Simple and reliable multiplex PCR assay for surveillance isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38(8):3092-3095.

Kenmotsu H, Tanigawara Y (2015). Pharmacokinetics, dynamics and toxicity of docetaxel: Why the Japanese dose differs from the Western dose. Cancer Sci. 106(5): 497-504.

Lenz CA, Ferstl CMH, Vogel RF (2010). Sub-lethal stress effects on virulence gene expression in Enterococcus faecalis. Food microbiol. 27(3):317-326.

Li W, Zang W, Liu P, Wang Y, Du Y, Chen X, et al (2014). MicroRNA-124 inhibits cellular proliferation and invasion by targeting Ets-1 in breast cancer. Tumour Biol. 35(11):10897-10904.

Liss MA, Chang A, Santos R, Nakama-Peeples A, Peterson EM, Osann K, et al (2011). Prevalence and significance of fluoroquinolone resistant Escherichia coli in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy. J. Urol. 185(4):1283-1288.

Nicolatou-Galitis O, Athanassiadou P, Kouloulias V, Sotiropoulou-Lontou A, Dardoufas K, Polychronopoulou A, et al (2006). Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection in radiation-induced oral mucositis. Support Care Cancer. 14(7):753-762.

Nowak AK, Robinson BW, Lake RA (2002). Gemcitabine exerts a selective effect on the humoral immune response: implications for combination chemo-immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 62(8):2353-2358.

Ocvirk S, Sava IG, Lengfelder I, Lagkouvardos I, Steck N, Roh JH, et al (2015). Surface-Associated Lipoproteins Link Enterococcus faecalis Virulence to Colitogenic Activity in IL-10-Deficient Mice Independent of Their Expression Levels. PLoS Pathog. 11(6):e1004911.

Pettersson E, Lundeberg J, Ahmadian A (2009). Generations of sequencing technologies. Genomics. 93(2):105-111.

Pinholt M, Ostergaard C, Arpi M, Bruun NE, Schonheyder HC, Gradel KO, et al (2014). Incidence, clinical characteristics and 30-day mortality of enterococcal bacteraemia in Denmark 2006-2009: a population-based cohort study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20(2):145-151.

Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, et al (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature. 464(7285):59-65.

Ringel I, Horwitz SB (1991). Studies with RP 56976 (taxotere): a semisynthetic analogue of taxol. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83(4):288-291.

Semedo T, Santos MA, Lopes MF, Figueiredo Marques JJ, Barreto Crespo MT, Tenreiro R (2003). Virulence factors in food, clinical and reference Enterococci: A common trait in the genus? Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 26(1):13-22.

Seo Y, Lee G (2013). Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern in Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated From Expressed Prostatic Secretions of Patients With Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis. Korean J. Urol. 54(7):477-81.

Sievert DM, Ricks P, Edwards JR, Schneider A, Patel J, Srinivasan A, et al (2013). Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009-2010. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 34(1):1-14.

Soha Sadeghi TT, Donya Altafi, Hamed Hojatian, Sahel Towfigh Rafiei, Shabnam Naderifar, Niloofar Ahmadi, Ali Dezhgir, Arvin Haghighatfard (2018). Immunotherapy of Prostate Cancer may Change mRNA Level of Virulence Factor Genes in E.Faecalis of Microflora. J. Infect. Mol. Biol. 6(1):6.

Sullivan A, Edlund C, Nord CE (2001). Effect of antimicrobial agents on the ecological balance of human microflora. Lancet Infect. Dis. 1(2):101-114.

Taguchi T, Furue H, Niitani H, Ishitani K, Kanamaru R, Hasegawa K, et al (1994). [Phase I clinical trial of RP 56976 (docetaxel) a new anticancer drug]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 21(12):1997-2005.

Talebzade T RF, Ahmadi N, Naderifar S, Eslahi E, Mirgeloybayat M, Altaf D, Hojatian H, Sadeghi S (2018). Chemotherapy Could Induce Antibiotic Resistance in E. Faecalis in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Infection and Mol. Biol. 6(2):5.

Tayebe Talebzade FB-a, Soha Sadeghi, Arvin Haghighatfard, Niloofar Ahmadi, Massoud Houshmand, Ali Dezhgir (2017). Immunotherapy of Prostate Cancer Patients could Overexpress The Virulence Factor Genes of E.faecalis Edelweiss Cancer Open Access. 1(1):4.

Wang C, Pan YH, Shan M, Xu M, Bao JL, Zhao LM (2015). Knockdown of UbcH10 enhances the chemosensitivity of dual drug resistant breast cancer cells to epirubicin and docetaxel. Int J Mol Sci. 16(3):4698-4712.

Wang Z, Wang N, Li W, Liu P, Chen Q, Situ H, et al (2014). Caveolin-1 mediates chemoresistance in breast cancer stem cells via beta-catenin/ABCG2 signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis. 35(10):2346-2356.

Zhao X, Rotenberg SA (2014). Phosphorylation of Cdc42 effector protein-4 (CEP4) by protein kinase C promotes motility of human breast cells. J Biol Chem. 289(37):25844-25854.